How to grow mushroom mycelium

[Mystic Wolf]

How to grow mushroom mycelium 

To grow mycelium a substrate must be used. Fungus, on the other hand, connects mycelium to the substrate to get food. The substrate is the primary source of food for fungi so they can produce mushrooms.
  When growing mushrooms, you will be putting the mycelium into its food source, which is the substrate. This process is called inoculation to induce the growth of mushrooms. The substrate serves as the organic host and the mycelium as parasites that depend on the substrate for food.  The ability of the fungi to breed mushrooms depends on the kind of substrate hosting the mycelium. This is why the preparation of the substrate is vital to your mushroom growing.
  A substrate can be any material on which mycelium can grow. 

Many different materials like banana leaves, brown rice, coffee granules, grains, seeds, shells, can be considered a substrate. Cereal straws such as wheat, rye, and oat all make a good base also.

  The substrate is inoculated with mycelium using a mushroom spawn. A spawn is a small quantity of nutritious material upon which the mycelium can start to grow before it begins to colonize a substrate.

 

How to sterilize mushroom substrate without a pressure cooker

1. Composting.
2. Chemical.
3. Coldwater pasteurization.
4. Hot water immersion (Scalding)
5. Pasteurization.
6. Tyndallization - What is the difference between Tyndallization and pasteurization?

Tyndallization is a sterilization method that kills all forms of microbial life, including the spores. On the other hand, pasteurization is a method of eliminating pathogenic microorganisms mainly from milk and some other beverages. But pasteurization does not kill spores. Hence, it is not a sterilization method.

 

Mushrooms

Chaga Inonotus obliquus provides antioxidant support against daily free radical damage. Chaga also supports an engaged and balanced immune response and healthy blood sugar levels.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7469031/ Published online 2020 Jul 29

In this study, we investigated the activity of hot water extracts (120 °C, >30 min) of Phellinus linteus, fresh leaves of Kumaizasa bamboo, and Chaga mushroom which we called MeshimaMax, for cancer prevention and treatment by using different solid tumor models. In the implanted mouse sarcoma S180 tumor, MeshimaMax treatment significantly inhibited tumor growth when it was applied at the early stage of tumor inoculation. The effect was further confirmed by using carcinogen-induced tumors.

MeshimaMax treatment significantly inhibited tumor growth when it was applied at the early stage of tumor inoculation. The effect was further confirmed by using carcinogen-induced tumors, i.e., azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced mouse colon cancer and 7,12-dimethylbenz anthracene (DMBA) induced rat breast cancer. In both cases, the occurrences of tumors were remarkably suppressed by the administration of MeshimaMax which consists of three components above. More importantly, when MeshimaMax was combined with an anticancer chemotherapeutic drug, the therapeutic effect was remarkably improved.

The Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) is a type of fungus that grows mainly on the bark of birch trees in cold climates, such as Northern Europe, Siberia, Russia, Korea, Northern Canada, and Alaska. It has been used in traditional medicine for centuries to treat various health problems, especially by Khanty people. In China, Korea, Japan, Russia, and the Baltics, extracts of Chaga mushroom have been used because of their favorable effects, for example, promoting lipid metabolism and modulating cardiac function, as well as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antitumor activities [10,11,12]. To date, several compounds have been identified from the Chaga mushroom, such as polysaccharides, triterpenes, polyphenols, betulin, and betulinic acid, which are considered to be responsible for most of its therapeutic activities [10,11,12].

In this study, we reported that MeshimaMax, the extract mixture of Phellinus linteus, bamboo (Sasa senanensis) leaves, and Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus), could potentially inhibit the initiation of carcinogenesis and the growth of tumors. Thus, MeshimaMax could potentially show a cancer-preventive effect, which was supported by studies not only in transplanted tumor models but also in carcinogen-induced tumor models. This effect was attributed to the activation of macrophages, which is the most important component of innate immunity. MeshimaMax also showed almost no cytotoxicity, especially to normal cells. MeshimaMax may thus become an alternative supplemental nutrient for patients suffering from cancer and a maintenance modality for patients, post-chemotherapy.

Balandaykin M.E., Zmitrovich I.V. Review on Chaga Medicinal Mushroom, Inonotus obliquus (higher Basidiomycetes): Realm of Medicinal Applications and Approaches on Estimating its Resource Potential. Int. J. Med. Mushrooms. 2015;17:95–104. doi: 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v17.i2.10. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

10. Duru K.C., Kovaleva E.G., Danilova I.G., van der Bijl P. The pharmacological potential and possible molecular mechanisms of action of Inonotus obliquus from preclinical studies. Phytother. Res. 2019;33:1966–1980. doi: 10.1002/ptr.6384. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
11. Song F.Q., Liu Y., Kong X.S., Chang W., Song G. Progress on understanding the anticancer mechanisms of medicinal mushroom: Inonotus obliquus. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2013;14:1571–1578. doi: 10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.3.1571. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

 The concept of “nutraceutical” was first introduced in the survey study conducted in France, the United Kingdom, and Germany, where they found that the rating of diet by the consumers was much higher compared to the other factors such as exercise or hereditary to achieve good health [53]. DeFelice was the first to introduce the word “nutraceutical” by coalescing the two words “nutrition” and “pharmaceutical” and define it as “food or a part of food which not only impart health benefits but also contributes in preventing or treating various diseases”. Moreover, in broad terms nutraceuticals can be summarized as bioactive components which play a vital role in human beings by maintaining their normal physiological functions and well-being [10,54]. Notably, nutraceuticals have been designed in such a way, that they could be useful for the betterment and maintenance of human health without causing any harm due to their natural occurrence [55,56]. Nutraceuticals of plant, animal origin, or live microorganisms offer great opportunities for food scientists and food industries to produce novel foods or food components for the future needs of human beings to stay healthy [57,58]. Nutraceuticals have been classified in various ways based upon their understanding and applications. Naturally, available food sources are considered for their nutraceutical values. They can be characterized as antioxidants, dietary fiber, prebiotics, polyunsaturated fatty acids, probiotics, vitamins, polyphenols, and spices [9,53]. The sudden rise in demand for nutraceutical products is mainly due to their therapeutic properties in various ailments such as the common cold, hypertension, heart disease, arthritis, dyslipidemia, diabetes, cancer, depression, inflammatory bowel disease, and increased life span by postponing aging, the integrity of the body and support of smooth normal functioning. Therefore, nutraceuticals could play an important role in the improvement of health as well as in chronic disease prevention [58]. Nutritionally potent Cordyceps is considered a powerhouse of energy, because of their ability to revitalize several organ systems. Moreover, according to various scientific reports, the Cordyceps active component cordycepin is considered very useful due to its potential application in various ailments (Figure 3). Several pharmaceuticals, as well as nutraceutical preparations made from Cordyceps dry powder (Table 2), are marketed and reported to protect renal and hepatic functions, improve intracellular energy exchange, increases oxygenation and natural endurance, remove toxins from the body, control blood glucose level and lipid profile delays the aging process, stimulates the natural metabolism of energy and nourishes the body’s immune system [59].

 

Lions Mane Hericium Erinaceus provides support to the brain and nervous system.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7285126/  Published online 2020 May 8.

Hericium Erinaceus (HE) and Grifola frondosa (GF) from Brazilian and Eastern traditional medicine. A special focus has been on their antitumor effects, but the mushrooms’ anti-inflammatory and antiallergic properties have also been investigated. The antitumor mechanisms were either direct tumor attack, e.g., apoptosis and metastatic suppression, or indirect defense, e.g., inhibited tumor neovascularization and T helper cell (Th) 1 immune response. The anti-inflammatory mechanisms were a reduction in proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and changed gut microbiota, and the antiallergic mechanism was the amelioration of a skewed Th1/Th2 balance.

Since a predominant Th2 milieu is also found in cancer, which quite often is caused by local chronic inflammation, the three conditions—tumor, inflammation, and allergy—seem to be linked. Further mechanisms for HE was increased nerve and beneficial gut microbiota growth, and oxidative stress regulation. The medicinal mushrooms AbM, HE, and GF appear to be safe, and can, in fact, increase longevity in animal models, possibly due to reduced tumorigenesis and oxidation. This article reviews preclinical and clinical findings with these mushrooms and the mechanisms behind them.

Keywords: antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, Agaricus blazei, Hericium Erinaceus, Grifola frondosa, mushrooms, clinical studies
Hericium Erinaceus (HE) and Grifola frondosa (GF) mushrooms were focused on in this review because they are components of Andosan^TM, which has been extensively investigated in clinical studies.

HE and GF are also rich in β-glucans, and they have both been shown to have immunomodulating and antitumor effects [9,10]. HE (“lion’s mane”) and GF (“hen of the woods”) grow on hardwood trees in America and Asia and are both widely consumed, especially in the Far East, because of their nutritional qualities and perceived health benefits. In addition to glycoproteins and polysaccharides, HE contains a number of metabolic substances, in particular the aromatic compounds hericerins and erinacines, which have been shown to have a function as a nerve growth factor [11]. Research on GF has particularly focused on a proteoglycan, called the D-fraction, which has been shown to have immunomodulatory, cytotoxic, and antioxidant effects in vitro [12]. HE and GF are minor ingredients (15% and 3%, respectively) in the AbM-based mushroom product Andosan^TM (ACE Co. Ltd. produced for Immunopharma, Gifu-ken, Japan) which first was shown to have significant anti-infective effects in mouse models of bacterial sepsis [13,14], and later to have antiallergic [15] and antitumor effects [16] as well.

Chronic inflammatory conditions per se or infections giving rise to a chronic inflammatory response tend to predispose cancer development. Examples are: hepatitis B and C infection and hepatocellular carcinoma [17], pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer [18], atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer [19], Helicobacter pylori infection and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, which usually regress after antibiotic treatment [20], bladder infection with Schistosomia hematobium and bladder cancer [21], prostatitis and prostatic cancer [22], and inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer [23,24]. Hence, there is a linkage between inflammation and tumorigenesis.

9. Kim S.P., Kang M.Y., Kim J.H., Nam S.H., Friedman M. Composition and mechanism of antitumor effects of Hericium Erinaceus mushroom extracts in tumor-bearing mice. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2011;28:599861–599869. doi: 10.1021/jf201944n. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
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Maitake Grifola frondosa supports normal cell growth and may support immune health.

 

 

 

 

 

Reishi Ganoderma lucidum It supports energy and stamina, cardiovascular health, and immune function.

 

Turkey Tail Trametes versicolor May support the immune system.  

 

 

 

[Carmen Elsa Irarragorri Wyland]

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